Machiavellis View of Human Nature AND rELIGION

Machiavellis View of Human Nature AND rELIGION Machiavelli had talked about this in the start of ‘The Prince’ about the human instinct. Machiavelli had accepted and had given the human instinct a dim picture to an extraordinary that some feel that he had thought about people to that of creatures. As indicated by Machiavelli human instinct is totally narrow minded and loaded with inner self and that they generally consider their own personal circumstance like the majority want wellbeing and security and the ruler needs power, and that they are egotistical to pick up and vanquish their thought processes. Machiavelli has portrayed people as terrible, malevolent, narrow minded, selfish and corrupted. Human needs has no specific breaking point, they are covetous, exotic animal, mean, terrible and corrupted and he even goes on to stating that a person just thinks about himself, their family and their property and to overcome this they are prepared to do anything even to the degree of pardoning their foe, he even says that so as to protect their needs they can even excuse the homicide of their dad or any kinfolk so far as that is concerned than the seizure of his property or any mischief to himself. People love themselves first and afterward consider different things and that they are not well behaved residents. For whatever length of time that the ruler is giving the m the wellbeing and the security that they want that is the wellbeing and security of them, their family and that of their property they are satiated and to likewise shield from any remote trespassers, and if the ruler can do this the majority are anything but difficult to lead and the state is very much represented. Concurring tom Machiavelli people utilize the state and the administration for their own childish explanation, benefit and security, they quickly begin loathing or abhorring what they can’t accomplish or is hard to accomplish or is out of their compass and will intentionally will in general keep away from or defer it. Machiavelli additionally says that human essentially are insidious and forceful, in the expressions of Sabine, â€Å"Human nature is in addition, significantly forceful and avaricious, men intend to keep what they have and to obtain more. Neither in power nor in assets are consistently in certainty restricted by normal shortage. As needs be men are consistently in a state of conflict and rivalry which undermines an open political agitation except if checked by the savage powers of the state.† Machiavelli accepts that people are unquenchable and mean ordinarily. People are unquenchable however loaded with wants. His view with respect to human instinct is that of a high similarity to that of Hobbes. Machiavelli’s sees in regards to governmental issues, religion and ethical quality are basically founded on his perspective on human instinct. Machiavelli says that, â€Å"Men are selfish, flighty, beguiling, fainthearted and avaricious.† From this it summarizes to the decision that a ruler or a ruler should point preferably to be dreaded over to be cherished. Machiavelli says that a ruler ought to secure the individuals, their families and their properties and he can control over them with no problem. Machiavelli cites, â€Å"Men love at their pleasure, however dread at the delight of the sovereign, who ought to in this manner rely on that which in his own, not upon that which is of others. However he might be dreaded without being loathed in the event that he ceases from contacting their property and their lady sort of his subjects, and in the event that he dodge carnage aside from when there is acceptable purpose and show legitimization for it is in as much as men all the more effectively overlook the loss of their dad than of their property.† With it he will in general say that man such a great amount of i s enamored with his needs that he can go to any extraordinary and even divert malice to shield it from peril, Machiavelli here additionally makes reference to that separated from property men is likewise unreliable of his ladies and that on the off chance that anybody is peering toward their ladies they will in general be forceful and, at that point it comes up to their personality, this thought or thought of Machiavelli can be seen even today. Machiavelli’s strive and purpose of human instinct was materialistic, he had dismissed and turned down the philosophies of the Greek scholars Aristotle and Plato who said that the state intends to make the individuals idealistic and great, he additionally excuses that existed in the medieval ages that the finish of the state is to smooth the method of a man to unceasing salvation. Machiavelli as consistently was exceptionally censured for this however as indicated by him, â€Å"The end of the state is material prosperity.† Analysis OF MACHIAVELLI’S IDEA OF HUMAN NATURE Machiavelli’s idea of human instinct is exceptionally censured by numerous individuals till today, by different individuals and on different grounds. Some of them being: Man naturally has a few temperances and isn't absolutely egotistical. His idea of human instinct doesn't mull over the widespread society. His perspectives and thoughts with respect to human instinct are the unadulterated aftereffect of the perceptions he made and the conditions that won at that specific time in Italy. As per the statement given by Sabine, â€Å"Machiavelli isn't such a great amount of worried about disagreeableness or vanity as a general human thought process and with its pervasiveness in Italy as a manifestation of social descendance. To him, Italy remains for instance of degenerate society.† So here the analysis is that Machiavelli has give the idea of human instinct as at his time Italy’s political position was unequal and he had watched and composed by that and that his idea may be restricted and not widespread. As indicated by Machiavelli’s idea of human instinct man is a creature who is terrible and corrupted and that he can't be changed by any strategy. Yet, he is here scrutinized with understanding to Plato and Aristotle who have said that all through with the methods for appropriate instruction man can be changed. Machiavelli’s saying that men is prepared to forfeit their kinfolk or relations for the purpose and security of his needs, yet Machiavelli here likewise says that the best three needs of man are life, family and afterward property, so how might he surrender one need to meet the other. Most likely that individuals love their property however they adore and have similarly profound respect and love for their family, kin’s and different relations of blood. As indicated by this and remembering the pundits it very well may be said that based on the above give analysis and conversation Machiavelli can't be said as totally right, to some he may me, he and his thoughts may be brilliant to a few yet others may contradict it and it probably won't be as per their preferring and philosophy. In any case, Machiavelli doesn't make a fantasy he talks and thinks down to earth and objective and reflects reality and the majority of his perspectives are predominant and can be found in the present or current day situation, as in today’s life we excessively watched and believe that individuals have gotten narrow minded and that they contemplate themselves, a great deal of models can be given from our very own life and what we see of that of others. MACHIAVELLI’S VIEW ON RELIGION Prior to Machiavelli, practically all masterminds and political characters accepted and engendered and advanced religion as the premise of the state. Plato thought about state as the sole need and religion to be a good and an incorporated piece of the state. Aristotle also accepted that religion was a factor and the reason for the best possible organization of a decent and incredible working state, however Machiavelli as being distinctive did too trusted in religion yet his thought and the utilization of religion was absolutely and brilliantly unique, he made religion as the path as a reason for the headway and the improvement of the state. All through the medieval times it was the congregation was the predominant and the preeminent and the significant piece of the state and the congregation had political force and administered the state and the pope of the congregation had incomparable authority even in the influence of legislative issues, as god was dreaded and the congregation was the production of the god so the popes or the dad were given and was considered as a prevailing authority over the situation to that of the state as that the spirit has the preeminent authority over the body, it was during that time that it was expect that the congregation has a prevalent power and position as look at, however Machiavelli was against this thought as he suspected of it contrastingly and with this and his scholarly musings he accepted and advanced religion yet with his own bit of thought. It was Machiavelli and his thought that there ought to be a partition of religion from governmental issues; it was Machiavelli who separate d from religion from legislative issues and isolated them totally from each other like his detachment of morals and good from governmental issues. He accepted that legislative issues appended to something isn't genuine governmental issues and that it ought to be played or represented on one on one premise. Machiavelli, he gave less significance to religion when contrasted with the state. The state as per Machiavelli has no significant connection to the congregation yet it additionally has no connection to God or some other excessively common force for the obvious truth, he says that the state needs religion just as an instrumental article for assisting its own item. As per Allen, â€Å"In Machiavelli’s sees the state can be seen uniquely regarding human desires and hungers and that the fruitful ruler must figure out how to control these forms.† As he gave less significance to religion, he at exactly the same time expressed and acknowledged that profound quality has a constrained spot in the general public and that they ought to and must be both abused and protected. He along these lines was unmoral and not indecent. Machiavelli felt that strict factor in the general public is a main impetus which a sharp and scholarly ruler can use to turn the table in the round of governmental issues and use religion for their own preferred position and development of the state. For him the ruler ought to be a shrewd to utilize religion so that the majority are upbeat thus that it is for the better organization of the state. For this he advanced religion however keeping his own advantage and thought

American Business History

In the past idea of utilizing innovation was obscure along these lines a significant organization chose to quit making mechanical frill, for example, centralized server PC around then since they thought there is no benefit in it, however as the time passed the need of having PCs expanded incredibly in 1980s. From that point forward a progression of creating PCs began by improving the security, similarity and different issues inevitably. At that point comes HP I. e. Hewlett Packard as an answer supplier in data innovation. It intended to serve purchasers, organizations, and foundations comprehensively (HP, 2009).The surfacing of Information innovation has changed the manner in which individuals do their organizations, rather than tremendous labor for manual activities; associations currently need an innovation arrangement that is advanced and simple to perform. The case with establishments is the work of an ideal framework for its working. Customers today need to have every local and authority issue to be settled utilizing innovation. HP is well known for the items it makes, yet from its establishment in 1939 till now it has been giving answers for humanity.Getting began from the innovation of oscillators for Walt Disney they have reached to the status of propelling Apple iPods being one of the most confided in brands (HP, 2009). The impacts of creating innovation arrangements are enormous. The method of living has revolutionalized, center tasks have changed their shape. The PC frameworks have become the individual things now along these lines the interest has expanded and with the headway of innovation the expense is chopping down step by step. In this paper, there is an examination on the social changes, social effects, and ideal points of interest we have after the development of data technology.Cultural Changes The PCs today are among the most basic innovation embellishments which incorporate different things also like TV, weapons, and so forth. The social c hanges allude to the adjustment in like manner practices of individuals living in a culture. Normal utilization of PCs has drawn out a change on an open level. With the advancement of innovation everybody has begun hoping for something else and that's just the beginning, even a low-class family would require a PC, and in the event that a white collar class or high class family is there, at that point a PC for each head is in demand.Every individual has begun keeping a greater friend network and he stays in contact effectively with everybody of them. The broad utilization of anything doesn't expand the cost, rather the value diminishes and that thing gets reasonable. This reasonableness permits individuals to utilize the PCs in various territories e. g. training. Presently individuals feel that if a kid would take a PC with himself to class, it will be the way in to his better learning. In any case, inquires about have demonstrated that the PCs of youngsters ought not stay unchecked else it would be similarly negative as the sitting in front of the TV programs untiringly (Dr.David Walsh, 2007). The financial specialists routinely check the stocks; youths keep themselves refreshed with the most recent scores, or result insights, youngsters look for help for their schoolwork and studies (Purdy, 2008). The way of life of America has changed significantly, this incorporates the way that an individual who can simply peruse and compose is not any more thought to be taught until he gets legitimate tutoring and except if he prepares himself to be a PC educated. The American culture has changed so much that even the individuals in America didn't have any acquaintance with themselves that there way of life is going to change altogether in the following half century.Now from first light to sunset, a large portion of the official and residential stuff is performed on PC. Each exchange, including cultivating exercises to the flexibly of essential necessities, has been elect ronic at this point. Banking, food conveyance to home, water gracefully, shopping, perusing, composing, everything has lost its real medium and has gone to PCs now since this is where one can play out every one of them. Today, in America, just a couple of occupations would be there without the prerequisite of PC literacy.Through PCs a significant number of the activity positions have been presented, for example, programming designers, programming engineers, equipment specialists, arrange chairman and so on. Individuals in America are seen as progressively eager now since they require quick outcomes now. A propensity for performing various tasks has gotten exceptionally ordinary in culture. Individuals feast, work, convey, and get engaged simultaneously through this single medium. A propensity for apathy is by and large for all intents and purposes saw as a social propensity now, since individuals have gotten ongoing of doing everything on their PCs now. Presently PCs are an individu al possession.People can scarcely impart their PCs to other people. The predominance of PCs has built up a propensity for neglecting minor things. In early days individuals with great spellings were remarkable, and others should get familiar with this for their tidy. The innovative work is not any more an issue for individuals going to libraries and getting a handle on the reference books and books all finished, rather they use PCs for speedy work. In this manner the start of PC as a typical substance has changed the lifestyle entirely (Essays. CC, 2004). Social Impact The use of PCs has deserted a few effects on society.Positive effects are without a doubt uncountable and have been in the conversation above yet socially and ethically it is seen that an extraordinary crumbling has showed up in the demeanor of individuals. Splendid understudies in the class get dependent and begin losing their evaluations; adolescents get spellbound with their gaming exercises so much that they are n ot really ready to find the misfortune in their examinations. Many kill large piece of their time in speaking with their old mates, and relative living abroad. Enormous experts burn through their vitality and time in looking through things of their enthusiasm, rather than spending endeavors in their expert growth.Some individuals don't see the time they sat before the PC. These social effects clearly bring about disappointment of various sorts. In spite of the fact that they are utilizing a shrewd gadget of the time still they are experiencing different mental and physical conditions like dry eyes, dozing scatters, unpredictable dietary patterns, headache migraines, cleanliness issues, wretchedness, fixation, lying propensity, spinal pains and so forth (CAS-Computer Addiction Services, 2003). Impacts on Business Industry There would be no two perspectives about the way that organizations have a tremendous blast after the rise of PC technology.Business isn't confined to a particular zone presently, however has broadened essentially. The American business has earned a great deal from it yet industry can have significantly more. Individuals the greater part of the occasions don't feel good while doing exchange on their Computer frameworks since they are constantly compromised by the hacking exercises. This security issue limits the clients from doing the exchanges with complete opportunity. With that little organizations have earned great incomes through doing organizations online in one-room association. (Hutchison, 1999).Just in light of the fact that the American business was versatile to the progressions which were made to the method of working together, it prospered. These progressions were right from creation, selling, promoting, till the support. In this way who at any point adjusted these progressions got achievement. The organizations are creating a result of cooperative interchanges (Business will Change, 2009). End Computer innovation has altered the w ay of life of today. In spite of the fact that the PCs had been intended to serve the humankind, yet because of its progression, mankind itself needs to arrive at the headway so as to benefit from it.This is consistent with the point that innovation of PCs have transformed us more than changing our area. PCs have given us the smooth street of streamlining, however it needs our sharp demeanor to settle on choices in an example to get the outcomes. Rise of advanced PCs have given the best approach to advance innovation and change the air in our environmental factors for a positive change in the public arena, precisely like the creation of steam motor offered approach to different developments for monetary turn of events. It’s a continuous procedure to initially make innovation than adjust it completely to benefit as much as possible from it.Digital Computers direct us to become familiar with the memory the executives, stockpiling gadgets, programming language and so on the grou nds that these are the things that will assist us with inventing more things in innovation. Presently we can oversee greater and diverse association and we can contribute higher sums with dependability because of its rise. The development of PC is unique in relation to others since the various innovations expanded certain areas however PCs quickened us to develop socially (Business will Change, 2009). References Business will Change.(2009, February 13). How aggregate insight will change the manner in which we work together. Recovered February 18, 2009, from Business Will Change: http://www. business-will-change. com/CAS-Computer Addiction Services. (2003). Do any of these accounts sound natural to you? Recovered February 18, 2009, from Computer Addiction Services: http://www. computeraddiction. com/Dr. David Walsh. (2007). How does having a PC impacts you kid's knowledge. Recovered February 18, 2009, from Family Magazine Group: http://www. familymagazinegroup.com/training/story_How+ Does+Having+a+Computer+Affect+Your+%3C%3Ccity%3E%3E+Child%27s+Intelligence%3F. html Essays. CC. (2004). How the Computer has Changed American Culture. Recovered February 18, 2009, from Free Essays, Cliff Notes and Term Papers Database: http://www. articles. cc/free_essays/g5/kzo130. shtml HP. (2009). Organization Information. Recovered February 18, 2009, from HP: http://www. hp. com/hpinfo/file. html? mtxs=corp&mtxb=3&mtxl=1 HP. (2009). http://www. hp. com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/. Recovered February 18, 2009, from HP: http://www. hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/Hutchison, M. (1999). Electronic Commerce-How it is affecting the American Industry? Recovered Februa

2.670- Mechanical Engineering Tools- Week 1

2.670- Mechanical Engineering Tools- Week 1 In an engineering class with a lecture format, you get to learn a lot about physical principles and how other people have applied them. A formula is written on the board, you think about it, figure out how it was derived, do a couple sample problems, maybe see a real life application, and then move on. Right now, Im taking Mechanical Engineering Tools (2.670), a class that breaks this mold. The course teaches us the fundamentals of machine and computer tool use so all the Mechanical Engineering students will be equipped to handle upper level classes. But instead of taking us around the machine shop and giving a boring explanation on how to use each machine, we get to learn by making a spiffy Stirling engine! Actually, the class is divided into four sections, and actually manufacturing the engine is only half of the process. The machining is divided between time in the Pappalardo Lab and the Lab for Manufacturing and Productivity. In the other two sections we learn how to draw and use CAD, and optimize our engine. Heres a picture of a modified engine (from the 2.670 course website): The first day of class was like Christmas and Hanukah and New Years all rolled into one. We were given a complete toolbox, raw materials to make our engine out of, and a really nice drawing set. As you can tell, this is a very expensive class for MIT to run and were all really grateful that they have managed to keep the course running despite all of the logistical difficulties. Anyway, they split us up into sections and sent us on our way: Sections 1 and 2: Making the engine In the Pappalardo Lab and the Lab for Manufacturing and Productivity, our job was to take the stock materials and use various machines to whittle them down to precise parts for our engine. We were given instructions and parameters for each part, and learned how to ream, countersink, take a rough cut and finish pass with an end mill, use a drill press, deburr, tap, use a lathe, etc. We had a lot of help from the professors, undergraduate assistants, and technicians. The technicians are super-cool guys who work magic with the machines and seem to absolutely love their jobs. All lot of them have turned away high paying jobs for the opportunity to work at MIT and they all have great stories to tell. Basically, theyre a lot of fun. Section 3: Drawing and using CAD Sketching is a crucial part of product design. There is nothing like using a pencil and paper to draw out a possible design to get the creative juices flowing, and in the real world its really important that you can communicate your ideas through drawing. So, in our drawing class, we learn that there are many different way to represent a physical object (isometric sketches, orthographic drawing, solid modeling, etc) and we learn how to utilize these techniques. We started off with some very basic isometric drawing (when you hold a part with a vertical edge towards you and then tilt it until the other horizontal edges diverge at 30 degree angles) and were working our way to sketching more complex objects. Heres an example of an iPod that I drew on the second day of class (the assignment was to pick any object and sketch it.) Were also learning to use SolidWorks, which is a really powerful 3D CAD program. Ill try to post an example of something made on SolidWorks soon. Section 4: Optimizing our engine using MATLAB This section has changed from previous years. In the past, it focused on teaching MATLAB, but now Dynamics and Vibrations (2.003) teaches MATLAB so the focus has shifted to using MATLAB to optimize our engines. A normal, unmodified Stirling engine runs at about 500 rpm, but we hope that we can use this class to make some run at around 1000. First we learned about the Carnot cycle and engine basics. Next, we analyzed the efficiency of the engine using thermo, and then we made some computer models to analyze the effect of temperature and phase difference (between the two pistons) on the work of the engine. As a group, we also analyzed the losses that might limit the performances of the engine and brainstormed possible remedial actions. This Friday, we will all run our engines and have various competitions to decide the fastest modified engine, the fasted unmodified engine, and the most attractive engine. Ill post an exact time and place for those of you who want to watch, its going to be quite a spectacle!

Character Analysis Of Bhool Bhulaiyaa - 840 Words

A Bollywood horror psychological movie â€Å"Bhool Bhulaiyaa† was directed by Priyadarshan. The leading characters in this movie are Akshay Kumar as Dr. Aditya Shrivastav (psychiatrist), Vidya Balan as Avni who suffers from DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder), Shiney Ahuja as Siddharth (Avni’s Husband), Ameesha Patel as Radha (Siddharth’s cousin), and Manoj Joshi as Badrinarayan (Ameesha’s father and Siddharth’s uncle ). This movie is placed in a small village of India. Badrinarayan plays a role of Brahmin (member of high class Hindu religion) whose ancestral castle is belived to be haunted by a ghost of Bengali dancer Manjolika. One day son and daughter in law of Badrinarayan, Siddharth and Avni return to the village from United States of†¦show more content†¦He tells him that he visited Avni’s hometown to know more about her childhood and gets the evidence of the problem. In order to cure her disorder, he tricked her by a dummy of Siddharth and she thinks that she is killing the king. After this Manjolika’s personality left Avni’s personality forever. Dissociative Identity Disorder is also known as multiple personality disorder; this disorder is described as a switching different identities in which a person develops two or more personalities or identities. A person feels the presence of two different people living inside their head, and may feel as though they’re possessed by other identities or ghost. Each identity has a unique name, history and characteristics. It includes differences in voice, gender, mannerisms and other such physical qualities. There also are differences in how familiar each identity is with the others. People with dissociative identity disorder typically also have dissociative amnesia and often have dissociative fugue. Dissociative amnesia and fugue are usually attributed to excessive stress. Symptoms may include memory loss (amnesia) of certain time periods, even ts, people and personal information. A person may face the sense of being detached from themselves and their emotions. Perception of the people and things around them seems unreal. Significant stress or problems may occur in person’s relationship, work or other important areas of life. The most common problem is

Instance Variables in Ruby

Instance variables begin with an at sign () and can be referenced only within class methods. They differ from local variables in that they dont exist within any particular scope. Instead, a similar variable table is stored for each instance of a class. Instance variables live within a class instance, so as long as that instance stays alive, so will the instance variables. Instance variables can be referenced in any method of that class. All methods of a class use the same instance variable table, as opposed to local variables where each method will have a different variable table. It is possible to access instance variables without first defining them, however. This will not raise an exception, but the variables value will be nil and a warning will be issued if youve run Ruby with the -w switch. This example demonstrates the use of instance variables. Note that the shebang contains the -w switch, which will print warnings should they occur. Also, note the incorrect usage outside of a method in the class scope. This is incorrect and discussed below. Why is the test variable incorrect? This has to do with scope and how Ruby implements things. Within a method, the instance variable scope refers to the particular instance of that class. However, in the class scope (inside the class, but outside of any methods), the scope is the class instance scope. Ruby implements the class hierarchy by instantiating Class objects, so there is a second instance at play here. The first instance is an instance of the Class class, and this is where test will go. The second instance is the instantiation of TestClass, and this is where value will go. This gets a bit confusing, but just remember to never use instance_variables outside of methods. If you need class-wide storage, use class_variables, which can be used anywhere in the class scope (inside or outside of methods) and will behave the same. Accessors You normally cannot access instance variables from outside of an object. For instance, in the above example, you cannot simply call t.value or t.value to access the instance variable value. This would break the rules of encapsulation. This also applies to instances of child classes, they cannot access instance variables belonging to the parent class even though theyre technically the same type. So, in order to provide access to instance variables, accessor methods must be declared. The following example demonstrates how accessor methods can be written. However, note that Ruby provides a shortcut and that this example only exists to show you how the accessor methods work. Its generally not common to see accessor methods written in this way unless some sort of additional logic is needed for the accessor. The shortcuts make things a bit easier and more compact. There are three of these helper methods. They must be run in the class scope (inside the class but outside of any methods), and will dynamically define methods much like the methods defined in the above example. Theres no magic going on here, and they look like language keywords, but they really are just dynamically defining methods. Also, these accessors typically go at the top of the class. That gives the reader an instant overview of which member variables will be available outside the class or to child classes. There are three of these accessor methods. They each take a list of symbols describing the instance variables to be accessed. attr_reader - Define reader methods, such as the name method in the above example.attr_writer - Define writer methods such as the age method in the above example.attr_accessor - Define both reader and writer methods. When to use Instance Variables Now that you know what instance variables are, when do you use them? Instance variables should be used when they represent the state of the object. A students name and age, their grades, etc. They shouldnt be used for temporary storage, thats what local variables are for. However, they could possibly be used for temporary storage between method calls for multi-stage computations. However if youre doing this, you may want to rethink your method composition and make these variables into method parameters instead.

A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning Free Essays

Bacillus cereus is an aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria causing toxin-mediated food poisoning. Optimum temperature for its growth is 30-37Â °C. However, it can also tolerate a wide range of temperature; some strains can grow up to 55Â °C while others can grow at temperatures as low as 4 to 5Â °C (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many strains from dairy products are able to thrive at lower temperatures. The minimum pH requirement for growth is 4. 3, while maximum pH is around 9. 3. This bacterial population grows best in the presence of oxygen (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Nevertheless, since this species is facultative anaerobic it also grows well in anaerobic conditions (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Toxin production has been found to be much lower under anaerobic conditions. Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming micro-organism which occurs naturally in most foods. It causes two different and distinct forms of food poisoning: an emetic illness and a diarrhoeal illness (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Bacillus cereus causes food-borne emetic illness by producing a highly stable toxin that survives high temperatures and exposure to trypsin, pepsin and pH extremes. Bacillus cereus levels in foods associated with emetic form of food poisoning have ranged from 1,000 to 50 billion colony-forming units (cfu)/gram (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). High numbers of bacterial population have been also detected in faecal samples from affected persons. Diarrhoeal illness is mediated by a heat- and acid-labile enterotoxin produced during growth of vegetative cells in the small intestine (Granum, 1994). Four different enterotoxins have been characterized. Two are protein complexes such as non-haemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and haemolysin BL (HBL) and two are enterotoxic proteins such as enterotoxin T (bc-D-ENT) and cytotoxin K (Lund, DeBuyser Granum, 2000). The occurrence of the diarrhoeal-type syndrome has been largely reported in the US and Europe, where the disease has been greatly associated with foods such as meat, vegetable, poultry, desserts and sauces (Giannella and Brasile, 1979). Prevalence of the vomiting type syndrome has been reported in the United Kingdom, Canada and USA, food borne poisoning is commonly associated with the consumption of cooked fried rice (Mortimer and McCann, 1974). Serotyping studies conducted by Taylor and Gilbert (1975) showed that strains from incidents of food poisoning in US and Europe characterised by a longer incubation period and with diarrhoea as the main symptom have provided serotypes 2, 6, 8, 9 and 10, whereas those which caused the rice-associated emetic illness in United Kingdom, Canada and USA were serotypes 1, 3 or 5. Bacillus cereus food poisoning is mostly associated with rice dishes, and sporadically with other food stuffs such as meat, vegetable, pasta, dairy products, sauces, soups and sweet pastries. Bacillus cereus food-borne poisoning is also associated with pudding, cream, spices, dry milk, dry potatoes and spaghetti sauces. Bacterial contamination of the food product by the large occurs prior to cooking. Even after cooking the microbial population thrives because vegetative forms can grow over a wide range of temperatures from 25Â °C to 42Â °C and are also capable of producing endotoxins. Endospores have the ability to survive extremely high and low temperatures. When they are allowed to cool fairly gradually, they once again begin to germinate and multiply. Spores are highly resistant to dry heat than moist heat. Emetic toxins are also extremely resistant to heat. They can survive 90 min at 126Â °C, while diarrhoeal toxins are inactivated at 56Â °C in 5 min. Clinical Description Bacillus cereus is widely known as the etiological agent of food-borne poisoning, causing both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. Both diarrhoea and emesis can be clearly distinguished by their clinical features. Diarrhoea is provoked by heat-labile enterotoxins, while emesis is caused by a heat-stable depsipeptide toxin called cereulide (Ehling, Fricker Scherer, 2004). The clinical syndromes associated with the diarrhoeal form of illness are longer incubation about 6 to 24 hours period, very watery diarrhoea (similar to that of C. perfringens), presence of moderate to severe abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting in some patients, duration of illness ranges from a minimum of 20 hours to a maximum of 36 hours. Clinical features associated with the emetic form of illness are shorter incubation period of about 1 to 6 hours, presence of vomiting and abdominal cramps; diarrhoea is not severe and is present in only about a third of affected individuals (similar to poisoning by S. aureus), duration of sickness ranges from 8 to 10 hours. In both types of syndromes, fever is exceptional and disease is usually docile. Bacillus cereus also can cause other diseases such as local skin and wound infections, ocular infections, fulminant liver failure. Invasive disease, including bacteraemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, brain abscess, and meningitis are also caused by Bacillus cereus. Ocular involvement includes panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis, and keratitis (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Apart, it can bring about other infections namely, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, in addition to brain and liver abscesses (Drobniewski, 1993). It is a rare cause of endocarditis (Fowler et al. 2005) reported in patients with prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, intravenous drug use (IVDU), and in patient with leukaemia. Food Poisoning by other Bacillus species Toxic food poisoning is not only caused by Bacillus cereus, several other Bacillus species have also been implicated in food poisoning incidents. The most important species are B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. These organisms are capable of producing an extremely heat-stable toxin which seems very similar to the emetic type produced by B. cereus (Kramer and Gilbert, 1989). These species are widely associated with food products like meat, vegetable, flour, pastry, sausage rolls, meat pies and pastries, curries and various ethnic dishes with rice, and stuffed poultry. Bacillus subtilis is associated mainly with meat, vegetables in pastry, poultry products, and occasionally with bakery items such as bread, crumpets, sandwiches, and ethnic meat or seafood dishes. Food poisoning syndrome associated with B. subtilis causes acute onset nausea, vomiting and stomach cramps, incubation range is 2-5 hours, often with diarrhoea. Poisoning due to B. licheniformis shows the following symptoms; diarrhoea is more common than vomiting, incubation period is about 8 hours. Another species which was isolated in high numbers from rice associated with a food poisoning outbreak was B. pumilus. Symptoms were consistent with those similar for food poisoning by other Bacillus species than B. cereus. C. perfringens food poisoning produces a heat-labile toxin which caused predominantly lower gastrointestinal (diarrheal) disease about 12 hours after ingestion much similar to the diarrheal type syndrome caused by B. cereus. Case Studies In August 2003, five children of a Belgian family became sick after eating pasta salad. The pasta salad prepared on a Friday was taken to picnic on Saturday. The leftovers had been stored in the refrigerator. The following Monday evening the pasta was served for supper to the children. Since the pasta had an unusual odour three children (aged 14, 10 and 9) did not eat much, they ate very little quantities. After 6 hours the youngest child (aged 7) started vomiting and complained of respiratory distress. She was immediately rushed to the hospital. Upon arrival at the hospital the other 3 children also felt nauseous and started vomiting. The condition of all the children began to worsen; hence they were transported to the University Hospital in Leuven. However, during transfer, the child (aged 7) had severe pulmonary haemorrhage, quickly followed by coma, diffuse bleeding, and severe muscle cramps. She died within 20 minutes, at 13 hours after the intake of pasta. Autopsy report revealed the presence of Bacillus cereus in her gut content. The other 3 children were kept under treatment for 8 days and they gradually recovered (Dierick et al. 2005). This case elucidated the probable severity of the emetic illness, also stressing on the importance of sufficient refrigeration of cooked food. Some B. cereus strains are known to be sychrotrophic and these strains have the maximum emetic toxin production between 12 and 15Â °C. In the present case, the temperature of the refrigerator where the pasta salad was stored was 14Â °C. This probably allowed B. cereus strains to multiply quickly to attain a count of more than 108 CFU/g in 3 days along with a very high toxin production (Dierick et al. 2005). Food borne poisoning was reported in a military camp in Jurong, Singapore. This food poisoning outbreak involved 19 army personnel who became unwell after breakfast. All these army personnel had been served fried rice by a food stall in a civilian canteen. The illness was characterized by vomiting (89. 5%), abdominal cramps (52. 6%), diarrhoea (47. 4%), headache (47. 4%) and fever (10. 5%) (Tay, Goh Tan, 1982). The incubation time extended from 13/4 hours to 51/2 hours. Bacillus cereus was detected in the vomitus of the affected soldiers (Tay, Goh Tan, 1982). This makes it clear that Bacillus cereus is a causative agent for the food borne poisoning resulting in emetic and diarrhoeal illness. This species contaminates food products, especially cooked rice and refrigerated products. It is therefore essential to follow proper cooking and refrigeration methods. Proper cooking and storage of foods, especially rice cooked for later use, will facilitate to thwart food borne epidemics. For the most part B. cereus food borne outbreak is an outcome of eating cooked foods which are cooled slowly and stored the wrong way. Generally food should be stored at temperatures higher than 60Â °C or quickly chilled to less than 10Â °C immediately after cooking. Bibliography Dierick, K. , Coillie, E. V. , Swiecicka, I. , Meyfroidt, G. , Devlieger, H. , Meulemans, A. , Hoedemaekers, G. , Fourie, L. , Heyndrickx, M. Mahillon, J. (2005). Fatal Family Outbreak of Bacillus cereus-Associated Food Poisoning. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Aug. 2005, 43(8), pp. 4277–4279. Drobniewski, F. A. (1993): Bacillus Cereus and related species. Clin Microbiol Rev. 6(4), pp. 324-38. Ehling-Schulz, M. , Fricker, M. Scherer, S. (2004). Bacillus cereus, the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 48, pp. 479–487. Fowler, V. G. Jr. , Miro, J. M. , Hoen, B. , Cabell, C. H. , Abrutyn, E. , Rubinstein, E. , Corey, G. R. , Spelman, D. , Bradley, S. F. , Barsic, B. , Pappas, P. A. , Anstrom, K. J. , Wray, D. , Fortes, C. Q. , Anguera, I. , Athan, E. , Jones, P. , Meer, J. T. van der, Elliott, T. S. , Levine, D. P. Bayer, A. S. (2005) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005 Jun 22. 293(24), pp. 3012-21. Giannella, R. A. and Brasile, L. A. (1979). Hospital foodborne outbreak of diarrhea caused by Bacillus cereus. Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological studies. J Infect Dis. 139, pp. 366 – 370. Granum, P. E. (1994). Bacillus cereus and its toxins. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Suppl. 23, pp. 61S–66S. Kramer, J. M. Gilbert, R. J. (1989) Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species. In Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, Doyle MP, ed. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. pp 21-70. Louisiana Office of PublicHealth. (2004). Bacillus cereus – Toxi-infection. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section- Infectious Disease Control Manual. Available from: http://www. dhh. louisiana. gov/offices/miscdocs/docs-249/Manual/BacillusCereusManual. pdf Lund, T. , DeBuyser, M. L. Granum, P. E. (2000). A new cytotoxin from Bacillus cereus that may cause necrotic enteritis. Mol. Microbiol. 38, pp. 254–261. Mortimer, P. R. and McCann, G. (1974). Food poisoning episodes associated with Bacillus cereus in fried rice. Lancet. 1, pp. 1403 – 1405. Microbial Pathogen Datasheets. Bacillus cereus. (2001). May 2001. Retrieved from: www. nzfsa. govt. nz/science/data-sheets/bacillus-cereus. pdf Tay, L. , Goh, K. T. and Tan, S. E. (1982). An outbreak of Bacillus cereus food poisoning. Singapore Medical Journal. 23(4), pp. 214 – 217. Taylor, A. J. and Gilbert, R. J. (1975). Bacillus cereus food poisoning: A provisional serotyping scheme. J. Med. Microbiol. 8, pp. 543 – 550. How to cite A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning, Papers

Global and International Business Contexts

Question: Discuss about the Global and International Business Contexts. Answer: Introduction This assignment is about analyzing the condition of Pakistani Soft drinks industry, as Kraft Foods Group is looking for new business opportunities overseas. In order to do that, it is required to find out the opportunities and challenges of the Pakistani market. For this reason, Porters diamond model is applied as the theoretical framework. There are various determinants of Porters diamond model that help to critically analyze the Pakistani soft drink industry. In the second part of the assignment, the advantages, appropriateness and limitations of foreign direct investment (FDI) as the entry strategy to the market of Pakistan has been provided. Porters Diamond analysis on Pakistans cold drinks industry Mirza and Javed (2013) mentioned that Porters Diamond Model is used whenever a certain company or industry wants expand its business. It has been found that Porters Diamond model has four broad determinants that can help a company to get competitive advantage. They are such as factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industry and the firm strategy structure and rivalry. In addition, Saleem et al. (2013) stated that, there are two more dominants that can influence the four determinants of porters diamond model. They are such as intervention of government and the chance of events. There is a figure given below to describe the Porters Diamond model. Figure 1: Porters Diamond model (Source: created by research) Factor condition The factors condition includes physical resources, human resources and knowledge sources. Al these aspects have been discussed below: Physical resources Pakistan is a country enriched with different physical resources. It includes quality, cost and accessibility of nations land, minerals, water and other available physical traits (Malik Zaman, 2013). In order to invest in the soft drink industry of Pakistan, Kraft Foods Group needs to analyze the accessibility and cost of land. It has been found that most of the FB restaurants, soft drink factories and fast food restaurants are located near Lahore, Islamabad (Capital) and Karachi (Malik et al., 2013). Hence, buying or renting lands early in these locations can help the company to gain competitive advantage in the Pakistani market. Human resources As of 2014, the population of Pakistan is approximately 187 million (Tufail Batool, 2013). With a growing middle class, the country is ranked as the most populated country in the world. Mirza and Javed (2013) stated that, Pakistan is an attractive destination for beverage industry due to the low cost of labor and high demand of service. However, Shaheen et al. (2013) argued that there are certain challenges a company might has to face in this country. They are such as changing skill requirement, total quality management, changing skill requirement and employee involvement. Hence, in order to improve the condition, Pakistan has to upgrade and improve the HR department. Knowledge resources Yu et al. (2013) stated that, middle class industry of Pakistan provides significant emphasis on education. It is a significant determinant that cam improve national competitiveness of the country. For the soft drinks industry, a quarter of the total population of the country can be represented as potential market (Tufail Batool, 2013). It will create more job opportunities and increase the requirement of trained industry professionals. Demand condition The demand of condition include various factors such as demand of soft drink industry in Pakistan, increase of middle class market in Pakistan and home demand condition. Demand of the soft drink industry Khilji (2013) stated that, there are certain factors like price is inversely related with the demand of soft drink. With the increase of price the demand of soft drinks increases. In addition, different lifestyle of people and their different taste about the products have also affected the demand of soft drink in Pakistan. Maqbool et al. (2013) stated that people of Pakistan are becoming busier that has increased desire of convenience food takeaways. This factor has surprisingly increased the demand of soft drinks in Pakistan (Malik Zaman, 2013). The increase of middle class market in Pakistan The country has a population of approximately 180 million, with an increasing middle class market. Maqbool et al. (2013) suggested that quarter of the population of the country represents the potential market for the fast food and beverage due to the increase of affordability. According to Shaheen et al. (2013), the increasing demand of international fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC has significant contribution in the improved demand of soft drinks purchased. Home demand composition Khilji (2013) stated that characteristics of the home demand have played a significant role in the soft drink business of Pakistan. It can help to gain competitive advantage in the market. There are various notable assets that have contribution in the home demand of Pakistan. They are such as level of customers satisfaction and sophistication, services and features and quality of products (Yu et al., 2013). A normal cold drink buyer in Pakistan considers all these aspects when a buying a product from a certain company. Hence, considering all these points while expanding business in Pakistan, can help Kraft Foods Group to gain sustainable advantage in the market. Related and supporting Industries Bottling company According to Malik et al. (2013), bottle manufacturing companies are the commercial enterprises that produce the output of bottling beverage for the purpose of soft drink distribution. Saleem et al. (2013) stated that the availability of bottling manufacturing organization as the supporting industry can help to increase competitiveness of the soft drink company in the market of Pakistan. Kanwal and Nadeem (2013) mentioned that, it can help to increase competitiveness of the company with the help of perceived committed value provided to all the stakeholders. Ahmad and Bashir (2013) stated that there are various bottling industries in Pakistan that are franchisees of companies like PepsiCo and Coca Cola. Naubahar Bottling Franchise is one of them. Hence, in order to gain competitive advantage in the market of Pakistan, Kraft Foods Group has developed partnership with a bottle manufacturing company. On the other hand, the company has mainly targeted youth population as demographic segme ntation (Callen et al., 2013). It helped the company to increase its productivity and market share in Pakistani soft drinks industry. Firm strategy, structure and Rivalry Kanwal and Nadeem (2013) stated that, this dimension of the Porters diamond model indicates the condition that can govern how certain industries or business are created, managed and organized. It also provides the major principles of domestic rivalry. Haroon et al. (2013) stated that, in order to gain competitive advantage in Pakistan, a company has to implement favorable management practices and organizational models of Pakistan. The management of the organization also has to set objectives accordingly. It has been found that most of the middle level customers of Pakistan have started to emphasize on product quality, features and service, while purchasing a certain product. In addition, local soft drink companies of Pakistan have increased their competitiveness by means of expanding firms market and by means of overseas selling. For this reason, Kraft Foods Group has to continually innovate and upgrade its competitive edge to meet the higher standards related with product quality, f eatures and services. Saqib et al. (2013) stated that, soft drink industry of Pakistan is majorly dominated by two brands. They are like PesiCo and Coca-Cola. It has been found that the company PesiCo has entered the market of Pakistan by using franchising strategy (Ahmad and Mahmood, 2013). The company had targeted a broad segment of customers and developed a diversified product line. It helped the company to grab a majority of the market share of Pakistan (Haroon et al., 2013). The company has saved huge amount of taxes with the help of franchising entry mode. It helped the company to emphasize on advertising and promotion and increase sales profit (Callen et al., 2013). Ahmad and Bashir (2013) stated that, depending on the chosen market scenario, the product strategy of the company has to has to follow the segmentation criteria while entering the market of Pakistan. In order to generate a significant amount of profit, certain characteristics have to be achieved (Saqib et al., 2013). They are such as substantiality, measurability and accessibility. For example, The Company Ice Cola used different process of segmentation to market its product in Pakistan. They are such as demographic segmentation, geographic segmentation and psychographic segmentation. Ahmad and Mahmood (2013) stated that, geographically, the company has targeted its products for most of the major cities of Pakistan like Karachi and Lahore. Government Pakistans government has a very significant role in influencing four market determinants, which are factor conditions, demand conditions, firm strategy as well as related and supporting industries. The policies and legislations of the Pakistans government have the capability to promote or restrict the growth of the Pakistani soft drink industry. Kraft Foods Group also depends on the governments intention to enhance the infrastructure so that they can attain competitive advantage in the global market (Mehtab, 2015). Taxation in soft drinks production: It is expected by the economic scholars that the retail value sales of the soft drinks in Pakistan to be increased in the forecasted period. It is assumed that unlike other industries the Pakistani soft drink industry will face a tremendous amount of issues. It has been observed that the sales of the Pakistans beverage industry experienced a remarkable 37% growth to 172 billion rupees in the year of 2013 (Saqib, Masnoon Rafique, 2013). However, the government imposed greater capacity tax on the soft drinks industry of Pakistan causing extra pressure on the domestic companies. Development schemes of infrastructure: Just like every other nation, the growth and development of the Pakistani business greatly depends on the infrastructure of Pakistan. The chance of robust investment immensely depends on the efficiency, affordability and strength of the infrastructure. In addition, the Pakistani infrastructure has faced enormous pressure due to rising growth of the Pakistani soft drinks industry. Although, government has identified the importance of infrastructure improvement, the level of defective infrastructure poses an immense threat to the economic growth. In order to expand and improve the infrastructure condition of Pakistan, the government has initiated advanced development policy Medium term development Framework (MDTF) (Haider et al., 2014). NRSP Engineers and local community members work together to identify, plan, execute and monitor physical infrastructure schemes. This process enhances the abilities of village residents to identify and plan projects and make the best uses of local resou rces. It also minimizes environmental impacts and ensures sustainability. Every scheme must benefit a wide range of recipients, be cost-effective and sustainable and have no adverse environmental impacts. Chance Chance plays a very influential role in addressing various business occurrences as well as events that lie beyond the control of organizations. It mostly depends on the respective condition on the basis of positive or negative influence of chance. The chance has a highly distinctive significance in the context of attaining competition edge in every industry including Pakistani soft drink industry. There are various notable external factors, which have greater influence in defining the competitive position of any soft drink company. For instance, Pakistans production cost can be considered as such influential factor (Mehtab, 2015). The abrupt hike in the production cost would definitely fluctuate the cost composite of the market position in Pakistans soft drink industry. At the same time, the lack of investment in RD sector can be considered as another factor of production cost. Te competitiveness of the industry is greatly depended on the sturdy support of the research and developmen t. On the other hand, the industrys competitive advantage has been noted to change with the rise of disruptive technologies in the industry. According to the latest report, it has been noticed that the chance of events for the soft drink industry in Pakistan has been quite favorable. It has been observed that the domestic demographic market has been inclined to consume soft drink in a increasing manner (Saqib, Masnoon Rafique, 2013). In contrast, chance of events regarding the transportation infrastructure has been limited. The rising software industry as well as complimentary geographic location as also supported in the expansion of Pakistani soft drink industry. Market entry strategy Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) offers a great opportunity to expand the market of any given company by investing in foreign countries. The foreign direct investment can be conducted in the form of business operation establishment as well as business assets acquirement in other countries (Saqib, Masnoon Rafique, 2013). There are various advantages as well as disadvantages of FDI in Pakistan, which is discussed below: Advantages, appropriateness and limitation of FDI in Pakistan: Pakistans market has huge potential considering its remarkable natural wealth and significant size of population. It offers a huge opportunity to increase the target market of Kraft Foods Group. Moreover, the purchasing power of the Pakistani citizens has increased in the recent years as the poverty level has decreased by 10%. The nations service and industry sectors have developed in a significant manner due to growth of its GDP in the past years. The allocation of the 50% of the countries budget has immensely encouraged the development of the Pakistans infrastructure and business condition (Mehtab, 2015). Pakistani government has initiated an impressive FDI attraction policy in the form of lucrative tax incentives, equal treatment of local and foreign investors as well as privatizations. It had been analyzed that Foreign Direct Investment in the country is increased by 2761.10 USD Million in 2016. Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan averaged 2651.26 USD Million from 2010 until 20 16, reaching an all-time high of 3184.30 USD Million in 2010 and a record low of 2099.10 USD Million in 2012. There is graph given below to analyze the amount of FDI in Pakistan from 2010 to 2016. Figure 2: FDI in Pakistan from 2010 to 2016 (Source: Haider et al., 2014) Despite of these positive points Pakistans FDI volume has been continuously threatened various crucial factors. The domestic terrorist organizations as well as Talban and al-Quaida pose a greater threat to the western and American companies. In addition, the taxation system, international contracts as well as government procurement has seriously suffered from high level of corruption (Haider et al., 2014). Furthermore, even though the government is looking for speedy infrastructure development, the gap is quite severe to continue an attractive business operation. Suitable strategy for entering Pakistans market: There are multiple numbers of market entry strategies ranging from new venture to merger to acquisition to joint ventures in the context of foreign direct investment. However, joint venture would be more suitable for Kraft Foods Group as the joint venture will offer a significant background knowledge of Pakistans soft drink market. The joint venture would help the company to share the risks and benefits of the local company. The understanding of the local market and demographic perception would also help the company to gain a proper foothold in competitive foreign market. In the current context, Kraft Foods Groups must choose a domestic company that has considerable positive brand image in the Pakistans soft drink industry. Shezan International Limited would be most suitable partner in the joint venture in Pakistan. The most popular product of the company is Shezan Mango (Khan, Lee Lockshin, 2015). One of the most successful FDI in Pakistans soft drink industry has been performed by Coca Cola. The company started its foreign investment with the help of joint venture process. In the contemporary days, coca cola has been popular for its successful business operation in the soft drink market in Pakistan. Coca-Cola Beverages Pakistan Limited (CCBPL) began its operations on 26 May 1996 in Pakistan. Coca-Cola Beverages Private LTD (CCBPL) is a joint venture between Coca-Cola International, Fraser and Neeves Singapore and Package Ltd. Initially it acquired National Beverages LTD Karachi. After that, the company was acquired International Beverages LTD Hyderabad .In the year of 1996 Fraser and Neeves, a Singapore based bottler of Coke, bought off the local bottlers in Karachi. Not long after it went on to acquire the bottling plants in Hyderabad as well. Since then the company has made an impressive impact on the local market by increasing its availability as well as its volume share. Conclusion In this assignment, the condition of the soft drink industry of Pakistan has been analyzed for Kraft Foods Group. A theoretical framework named Porters Diamond model has been implemented in order to analysis the factors, demands, related industry required to expand its business in Pakistan. The condition of Pakistan government and chance of expanding business in this country has been analyzed as well. Depending on this analysis, the advantages, appropriateness and limitations of implementing FDI as entry strategy of Pakistan has been discussed as well. Some examples of FDI in the soft drink industry of Pakistan have been provided in this section as well. Reference list Ahmad, F., Bashir, T. (2013). Explanatory Power of Macroeconomic Variables as Determinants of Non-Performing Loans: Evidence form Pakistan.World Applied Sciences Journal,22(2), 243-255. Ahmad, K., Mahmood, H. (2013). Macroeconomic determinants of national savings revisited: A small open economy of Pakistan.World Applied Sciences Journal,21(1), 49-57. Callen, M. J., Gulzar, S., Hasanain, S. A., Khan, M. Y. (2013). The political economy of public employee absence: Experimental evidence from Pakistan. Haider, Z., Ahmad, N., Anwar, S., Iqbal, N. (2014). Impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on GDP: A Case study from Pakistan.International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (16), 73-80. Haroon, H. A. J. I. R. A., Waseem, A., Mahmood, Q. (2013). Treatment and reuse of wastewater from beverage industry.J Chem Soc Pak,35(1), 34-43. Kanwal, S., Nadeem, M. (2013). The impact of macroeconomic variables on the profitability of listed commercial banks in Pakistan.European Journal of Business and Social Sciences,2(9), 186-201. Khan, H., Lee, R., Lockshin, L. (2015). Localising the packaging of foreign food brands: a case of Muslim consumers in Pakistan.Journal of Product Brand Management,24(4), 386-398. Khilji, S. E. (2013). management in Pakistan.Human Resource Management in Developing Countries, 102. Malik, F., Gul, S., Khan, M. T., Rehman, S. U., Khan, M. (2013). Factors influencing corporate dividend payout decisions of financial and non-financial firms.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,4(1), 35-46. Malik, Z., Zaman, K. (2013). Macroeconomic consequences of terrorism in Pakistan.Journal of Policy Modeling,35(6), 1103-1123. Maqbool, M. S., Mahmood, T., Sattar, A., Bhalli, M. N. (2013). Determinants of unemployment: Empirical evidences from Pakistan.Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 191-208. Mehtab, A. (2015). Determinants of Brand Association in FMCG Industry-A Case of Soft Drink Industry in Pakistan.The International Journal of Business Management,3(12), 295. Mirza, S. A., Javed, A. (2013). Determinants of financial performance of a firm: case of Pakistani Stock Market.Journal of economics and International Finance,5(2), 43. Saleem, F., Zafar, L., Rafique, B. (2013). Long run relationship between inflation and stock return: evidence from Pakistan.Academic Research International,4(2), 407. Saqib, D., Masnoon, M., Rafique, N. (2013). Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth of Pakistan. Saqib, D., Masnoon, M., Rafique, N. (2013). Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth of Pakistan. Shaheen, S., Ali, M. M., Kauser, A., Ahmed, F. B. (2013). Impact of trade liberalization on economic growth in Pakistan.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary research in business,5(5), 228-240. Tufail, S., Batool, S. (2013). An analysis of the relationship between inflation and gold prices: evidence from Pakistan.The Lahore journal of economics,18(2), 1. Yu, W., Yang, Y. C., Savitsky, A., Brown, C., Alford, D. (2013).The Indus basin of Pakistan: The impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. World Bank Publications. Zameer, H., Ali, S., Nisar, W., Amir, M. (2014). The impact of the motivation on the employees performance in beverage industry of Pakistan.International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences,4(1), 293-298.